Students should be able to do the following. Information will come from the text and lectures. Test yourself by answering the questions at the end of chapters. Answers to the questions are at the back of the text beginning on page 1111.
Chapter 1 - General Concepts of Disease
Chapter 2 - Heredity
Chapter 3 and pp. 108-112 - Cellular Injury and
Death
Chapter 4 - Response of the Body to Injury
Chapters 5, 9, 11, 12, pp. 46-48 - Response
of the Body to Immunological Challenge
Chapter 8 - Disturbances of Growth, Cellular Proliferation,
and Differentiation
Chapter 68 - Fractures and Dislocations
Chapter 70 - Osteoarthritis
Chapter 71 - Rheumatoid Arthritis
Chapter 1 - General Concepts of Disease
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1. List and describe the two components in the concept of normalcy.
2. Define homeostasis and explain its two essential features.
3. Explain the importance of homeostasis to survival.
4. List and describe the three criterion used to establish the presence of the state of disease.
5. Define all italicized terms, give the correct term when its definition is given, and match the term with its definition: i.e. define, "give" and "match." Add pathology.
Chapter 2 - Heredity
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1. Describe the variations in the degree of contribution made by extrinsic
and intrinsic factors in disease.
2. List and briefly describe how DNA influences cell structure and functioning and body structure and functioning.
3. Explain why alterations in the number and shape of chromosomes has more effect than alterations in single genes and define the term karyotype.
4. Distinguish between congenital and hereditary diseases; and single gene diseases and multifactorial diseases
5. Briefly explain the extent of effects from genetic abnormalities which are inherited, from incorrect gamete formation, and from somatic cell alterations.
Chapter 3 and pp. 108-112 - Cellular Injury
and Death
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1. List the three possible results from adverse factors impinging upon
cells.
2. Define and explain "point of no return" and "necrosis".
3. Briefly describe the two categories of changes which occur in injured cells.
4. List and describe eight types of altered states found in adversely affected cells which survive. (Hydropic, fatty, atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, neoplasia.)
5. List, define, and describe five types of necrosis.
6. List and explain the mechanism of six effects (consequences) of necrosis (cell death) in the body.
7. List and describe three fates of necrotic tissues.
Chapter 4 - Response of the Body to Injury
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1. Define inflammation as given on page 38.
2. Explain why inflammation occurs only where blood flow is present.
3. Name cell injury and cell death as the two causes of inflammation.
4. Name inflammation as the body response to any cell injury or cell death
5. List the four beneficial results of inflammation.
6. List the five cardinal signs and symptoms of acute inflammation and describe in detail the mechanisms producing each one.
7. List and describe the general functions of WBC's as a group (not by individual type) and mast cells.
8. Briefly describe the general functions of WBC's during inflammation.
9. List the major function of the reticuloendothelial system.
10. List and define the following three common types of exudate: serous; purulent; and suppurative or pus. Name each when its definition is given, and match each with its own definition.
11. List resolution and repair (healing) as the two possible fates of inflamed areas and name the absence or presence of cell death and the duration of inflammation as the factor determining which will occur.
12. Indicate that repair (healing) can and often does begin while the mechanisms causing the signs of inflammation are still occurring.
13. List the three factors which determine which type of healing (first intention or second intention) will occur.
14. List eight factors which influence wound healing and briefly explain why each has its effect (blood supply, WBC supply, nutritional state, foreign bodies, necrotic tissue, infection, wound immobilization, wound edge apposition, age).
15. List and briefly describe five systemic effects of inflammation (fever, leucocytosis, malaise, anorexia, disability).
16. Define, "give," and "match" each of the following terms: transudate, acute inflammation, subacute inflammation, chronic inflammation, granuloma, tubercle, suppuration, abscess, sinus, fistula, ulcer, healing by first intention, healing by second intention, resolution, repair, organization (during repair), scar, granulation tissue, contracture, stricture, adhesion, keloid.
Chapters 5, 9, 11, 12, pp. 46-48 - Response
of the Body to Immunological Challenge
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1. Explain the basic difference between the immune response and other
defense mechanisms.
2. List and briefly describe the three characteristics of the immunologic response.
3. List and define the two mechanisms of the immunologic response.
4. List and describe the types of lymphocytes.
5. Briefly describe the events that occur when an antigen is first encountered and when it is encountered a second or subsequent time.
6. Briefly describe the complement system and its overall function.
7. List and briefly describe the four types of undesirable effects to immune responses.
Chapter 8 - Disturbances of Growth, Cellular
Proliferation, and Differentiation
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1. Name four types of factors that promote the development of neoplasia.
2. List the features of benign and malignant neoplasms for each of the following: , pattern of enlargement and spread, structure, rate of growth, differentiation, competition with surrounding normal cells, and harmful effects.
3. List four common ways by which malignant neoplasms can spread in the body.
4. Define, "give," and "match" the following terms when asked; hypoplasia, atrophy, hypertrophy, physiological and pathological hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, neoplasia, neoplasm, metastasis, stroma.
Chapter 68 - Fractures and Dislocations
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1. Name three important strategies for preventing osteoporosis.
2. Briefly explain how open fractures can lead to serious complications.
3. Briefly explain why osteomyelitis is a relatively serious type of infection.
4. List and describe the steps in the healing of a fracture.
5. Briefly explain why examining the neurovascular status of a dislocated limb is important.
6. Define, "give," and "match" the following terms when asked: fracture, osteoporosis, and osteomyelitis.
Chapter 70 - Osteoarthritis
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1. Briefly describe the etiology, pathogenesis and two structural and
two functional joint changes of osteoarthritis.
Chapter 71 - Rheumatoid Arthritis
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1. List and briefly explain the meaning of the three major characteristics
of rheumatoid arthritis.
2. Identify the most commonly involved joints in rheumatoid arthritis.
3. List the cause(s) and describe the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis
4. Briefly describe the structural and functional changes which rheumatoid arthritis causes in joints.
5. List one change in each of four systems other than the skeletal system which are associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Indicate widespread effects occurring beyond joint problems.
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