Review normal structure and blood flow of the heart. Students should be able to do the following. Information will come from the text and lectures. Answers to the self-test questions at the end of each chapter are at the back of the text beginning on p. 1051.
Chapter 7 - Disturbances of Circulation
Chapter 28 and 29 - Anatomy
and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System
Chapter 31 - Coronary Atherosclerosis
Diseases
Chapter 32 - Valvular Heart Disease
Chapter 34 - Vascular Disease
Supplemental: Shock (See pp. 513-517)
1. List the three types of hyperemia.
2. Briefly explain the mechanisms of development of each type of hyperemia
3. List the cause(s), with one specific example for each, for the various types of hyperemia, including local and systemic forms.
4. List and briefly describe the general effects of each type of hyperemia
5. List and briefly describe the effects of chronic passive congestion in the veins.
6. List and describe the mechanisms causing edema.
7. List and explain the effects of edema in general and in the lungs and the brain specifically.
8. List three general causes of hemorrhaging.
9. List and briefly describe the mechanisms causing the local and systemic effects of hemorrhage.
10. List and briefly describe the fates of hemorrhaged blood.
11. List the three major causes of blood clots in vessels and briefly describe the mechanism of each.
12. List and explain the effects of thrombi.
13. List and briefly describe the fates of thrombi.
14. List four types of emboli.
15. List and briefly explain the effects of emboli.
16. Name atherosclerosis as the most significant type of arteriosclerosis.
17. Name five major and three minor contributing factors in atherosclerosis. (See Chapter 31, pp. 462- 466).
18. Briefly describe the pathogenesis of an atheroma. (See Chapter 31, pp. 462-463).
19. List and briefly explain the development of the effects of atherosclerosis on vessels and on body cells.
20. List three body areas commonly having atheromas. (See Chapter 34, p. 533).
21. List four main causes (two local and two systemic) of ischemia.
22. List the five types of chemical changes caused by ischemia. Outline how these changes lead to two types of effects on cells (damage or death) and they, in turn, each lead to other effects.
23. Discuss the factors which determine whether an ischemic area actually undergoes infarction. (See Chapter 34, pp. 533-5334 ).
24. List four organs in which infarction commonly occurs.
25. Define, "give," and "match" the following terms: acute passive congestion, chronic passive congestion, hyperemia, active congestion, edema, hemorrhage, thrombus, embolus, embolism, hematoma, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, atheroma, atherosclerotic plaque, ischemia, infarction.
Chapter 28 and 29 - Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System Return to Top of Page
NOTE: Almost all of these chapters are background information important to subsequent chapters. It is covered in courses in human anatomy and physiology.
1. Briefly explain why blood flow is important to the body.
2. Name differences in pressure as the factor which causes blood to flow and indicate that the greater the difference, the greater the flow rate
3. List and briefly describe how the amount of blood flow can vary on a local and on a systemic level.
4. Briefly explain the importance of varying rates of blood flow.
5. Name and briefly explain the cardiac factors which influence pressure differences.
6. Name and explain the basis of the effects of depressed myocardial function on stroke volume (SV), end systolic volume, (ESV), and end diastolic volume (EDV).
7. Give the relationship among SV, ESV, and EDV, and that among cardiac output (CO), SV, and heart rate.
8. Describe and briefly explain the basis of the relationship between stroke volume and each of the following: preload, contractility, afterload.
9. Explain briefly the mechanisms which lead to normal variations (cardiac compensation) and abnormal variations (cardiac decompensation) in cardiac output.
10. Name the results of variations in stroke volume and heart rate on blood flow under normal conditions and in abnormal conditions of the heart.
11. Define, "give," and "match" the following terms when asked: contractility, preload, afterload, ejection fraction, ventricular tension, ventricular radius, cardiac reserve, cardiac compensation, cardiac decompensation, tachycardia, bradycardia.
Chapter 31 - Coronary Atherosclerosis Diseases Return to Top of Page
1. Indicate that and explain why in heart muscle, oxygen supply must equal oxygen demand.
2. List four cardiac factors which affect cardiac oxygen demand.
3. Indicate that, in the heart, oxygen supply is dependent primarily and almost exclusively on cardiac blood flow.
4. Name and briefly describe the main mechanism which modifies cardiac blood supply.
5. Name and briefly explain three factors which make the left ventricle most vulnerable to ischemia and infarction.
6. Name five major and three minor contributing factors in coronary atherosclerosis.
7. Describe the development of an atheroma.
8. List three ways by which coronary atherosclerosis causes decreased coronary blood flow.
9. List three effects of ischemia on cardiac muscle properties.
10. Describe the sequence of events in the body when there is cardiac ischemia.
11. List the three clinical signs and symptoms of cardiac ischemia.
12. Describe the sequence of events in the body when there is myocardial infarction.
13. List the three clinical signs and symptoms of cardiac infarction (the diagnostic triad).
*14. List the short term and long term compensatory responses to myocardial infarction and explain the potentially beneficial and harmful effects of each.
15. Briefly describe the changes in an infarcted area resulting in healing.
*16. List and briefly describe eight common complications of myocardial infarction.
*17. Describe the sequence of events following complications of myocardial infarction; congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock, papillary muscle dysfunction, ventricular septal defect, cardiac rupture, ventricular aneurysm, thromboembolism, arrhythmias.
*18. Briefly describe each of the following arrhythmias: tachycardia, bradycardia, and PVC's. Briefly explain the consequences of each of these.
19. List and explain treatment strategies important in treating M.I.
* The starred objectives are included only as class time permits.
Chapter 32 - Valvular Heart Disease Return to Top of Page
1. Briefly describe the mechanisms normally causing heart valves to open and close.
2. Briefly explain the purposes of proper valve operation.
3. List five causes of valvular heart disease and for each one, briefly describe its pathogenesis leading to stenosis and/or regurgitation.
4. Briefly describe structural changes that result in stenosis and regurgitation.
5. Describe and explain the reasons for the effects of mitral stenosis.
6. Indicate the common features in the effects of all valvular diseases.
7. List and briefly describe four dangers from pulmonary edema.
8. Define, "give" and "match" stenosis, regurgitation, functional regurgitation, valvular insufficiency, pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis.
Chapter 34 - Vascular Disease Return to Top of Page
1. List three factors influencing the degree of damage caused by atherosclerosis.
2. List and briefly explain the reasons for the following signs and symptoms from ischemia caused by atherosclerosis: intermittent claudication; pain at rest; necrosis; atrophy of skin, hair and muscles; weak pulse; pallor; coolness; cyanosis; strong pulse above lesion.
3. List three causes of aneurysms.
4. List and briefly describe three effects of aneurysms.
5. List three general causes and some serious consequences of venous thrombus formation. (Same as Chapter 7, #12 above).
6. List two causes, briefly describe the pathogenesis, and give two complications of varicose veins.
7. Define, "give," and "match" arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, aneurysm, and varicose vein.
Supplemental: Shock (See pp. 513-517) Return to Top of Page
1. Define, "give," and "match" shock.
2. List the three organs most commonly damaged by shock.
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