Chapter 51 - Evaluation of the Neurologic
Patient
Chapter 53 - Cerebrovascular Disease
Chapter 55 - Epilepsy
Chapter 54 - Neurologic Disorders with Generalized
Symptomology
Chapter 56 - Central Nervous System Injury
Chapter 57 - Central Nervous System Tumors
Respiratory System Lecture
Objectives - Spring
2002
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Chapter 35 - Normal Respiratory Function
Chapter 36 - Diagnostic Procedures in Respiratory
Diseases
Chapters 10 & 38 - Obstructive Patterns
of Respiratory Disease
Chapters 39 & 43 - Restrictive Patterns
of Respiratory Diseases
Chapter 40 - Cardiovascular Disease and the
Lung
Chapter 41 - Respiratory Failure
Chapter 42 - Pulmonary Malignant Neoplasms
Students should be able to do the following. Information will come from the text and lecture. Answers to self-test questions at the end of each chapter are at the back of the text beginning on page 1111.
Chapter 51 - Evaluation of the Neurologic Patient
1. List and describe the two overall goals of the neurological examination
Chapter 53 - Cerebrovascular Disease
1. Explain why the CNS is very dependent upon proper blood flow.
2. Name vascular diseases of the nervous system as the most common cause of neurologic disease.
3. Describe the timing involved in the development of brain injury resulting from oxygen deprivation.
4. List and briefly describe the mechanisms affecting blood flow to and through brain vessels.
5. List and describe four vascular causes of strokes and explain why each leads to a stroke.
6. List and explain in general the ways by which ischemia and hemorrhage cause strokes.
7. List, define and give the usual causes and the short and long term effects of each of the common types of stroke (transient ischemic attack or TIA, residual {reversible} neurological deficit or RIND {progressive stroke or stroke in evolution}, and completed stroke).
8. List and describe eight of twelve signs and symptoms of strokes.
9. List and briefly explain the reasons for having different signs and symptoms with different strokes.
1. Define epilepsy as per lecture and explain the meaning of each part of the definition.
2. Indicate that epilepsy can be caused by almost any cerebral pathology.
3. Briefly describe the clinical manifestations of a petit mal and a grand mal seizure.
Chapter 54 - Neurologic Disorders with
Generalized Symptomology
1. Briefly describe the most likely cause of multiple sclerosis
(MS).
2. Briefly describe the pathogenesis of MS.
3. Explain the reason for the variations in signs and symptoms of MS.
4. Briefly describe and explain the prognosis in MS.
5. Describe the cause, general pathogenesis, and common reason for death in myasthenia gravis.
Chapter 56 - Central Nervous System Injury
1. List, describe, and explain the immediate effects of three causes of brain injury.
2. List, describe, and explain the secondary effects of brain trauma. These include epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, inflammation and vessel damage.
3. Indicate that epidural hematomas are more rapid in causing brain damage than subdural hematomas and explain why this is so.
4. Briefly describe how the body compensates for increased intracranial pressure.
5. List, describe, and explain the three mechanisms of damage from increased intracranial pressure.
6. List, describe, and explain five causes of chronic increased intra-cranial pressure.
7. List and describe eight of twelve signs and symptoms of brain injury. These are the same as those for strokes. (See Chapter 53).
8. List and briefly explain the reasons for having different signs and symptoms with different brain injuries. These are the same as those for strokes. (See Chapter 53)
9. List, describe, and explain the immediate effects on the cord of two causes of spinal cord injury.
10. List, describe, and explain four systemic effects of spinal cord injury.
11. Describe the pathogenesis, duration, and effect on body functions of spinal shock.
12. Define, "give," and "match" subdural hematoma and epidural hematoma.
Chapter 57 - Central Nervous System Tumors
1. Name gliomas (glioblastomas) as the most common type of malignant
brain tumor and meningiomas as the most common type of benign brain tumor.
2. Briefly describe the pathogenesis and prognosis for glioblastomas and meningiomas.
3. List six pathological effects of brain and spinal cord tumors.
4. List, describe, and explain the three classic signs and symptoms of brain tumors.
Respiratory
System Lecture Objectives -
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of Page
Students should be able to do the following.
Chapter 35 - Normal Respiratory Function
NOTE: Most of Chapter 35 is review material from courses in Human Anatomy and Physiology and is essential for understanding subsequent chapters dealing with respiration.
1. List the three main purposes for gas exchange between the blood and air
2. Name ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion as the three major requirements for proper gas exchange in the lungs.
3. List and briefly explain the factors necessary for proper ventilation, proper perfusion, and proper diffusion.
4. List the three major types of respiratory diseases (infection, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases).
5. List the two major categories of chronic respiratory diseases and name the major problem with air flow produced by each.
6. List the results of inadequate respiration in terms of blood gases and pH, and in terms of cell metabolism.
7. Describe the importance of blood hemoglobin content and oxygen saturation in determining the effects of changes in arterial blood gases on supplying oxygen to tissues.
8. Distinguish between hypoxemia and tissue hypoxia.
9. Describe the development of pulmonary edema.
10. Define, "give," and "match" shunt unit, dead space unit.
Chapter 36 - Diagnostic Procedures in Respiratory Diseases
1. List and describe the two types of resistances to ventilation (nonelastic and elastic).
2. Give the correlations among increases in nonelastic and elastic resistances and restrictive and obstructive patterns of chronic respiratory diseases.
3. Define work of breathing.
4. Briefly describe and explain the effects of obstructive and restrictive respiratory diseases on work of breathing.
Chapters 10 & 38 - Obstructive Patterns of Respiratory Disease
1. Name the three common types of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.
2. For each type and subtype of COPD (asthma, chronic bronchitis, CLE, PLE), give its causes, pathogenesis, final effects, and signs and symptoms. 3. Briefly explain the interrelatedness among asthma, chronic bronchitis, CLE, and PLE.
4. List and describe the development of complications from COPD (cor pulmonale, pneumonia, pulmonary edema).
5. Explain why oxygen therapy may worsen the condition of a person with COPD.
6. Define, "give," and "match" obstructive pattern, COPD, blebs, bullae, absorption atelectasis, compression atelectasis, pneumothorax, CLE, PLE, cor pulmonale.
Chapters 39 & 43 - Restrictive Patterns of Respiratory Diseases
1. Name two extrapulmonary categories of restrictive pulmonary diseases and explain how each reduces respiratory functioning.
2. List four types of intrapulmonary categories of restrictive pulmonary diseases.
3. For each type and subtype intrapulmonary category of restrictive pulmonary disease, give its causes, pathogenesis, final effects, and signs and symptoms. (Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis, adult respiratory distress syndrome). (Subtypes of pneumonia are those caused by bacteria, viruses and mycoplasmas, tuberculosis and fungi, aspiration of gastric content, dusts).
Chapter 40 - Cardiovascular Disease and the Lung
1. Give the causes, pathogenesis, and final effects of cor pulmonale.
Chapter 41 - Respiratory Failure
1. Differentiate between the two broad classes of respiratory failure: hypoxemic respiratory failure and hypercapnic ventilatory failure.
2. List four causes of respiratory failure (COPD, restrictive patterns, ventilation-perfusion imbalance, impaired gas diffusion from edema and fibrosis).
3. Indicate that obstructive and restrictive patterns produce a shunt unit and that cardiac and vessel malfunctions produce a dead space unit.
4. Define, "give," and "match" respiratory insufficiency (See pp. 622-624) and respiratory failure.
Chapter 42 - Pulmonary Malignant Neoplasms
1. List the most important risk factor for pulmonary malignant neoplasms.
2. Explain why the lungs are common sites of metastasis from other primary cancers.
3. Name six signs and symptoms of pulmonary malignant neoplasms.
4. List three ways by which lung cancer produces respiratory
malfunctioning.
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