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Abstract
Leadership is viewed as one of several organizational roles that depends upon skills at influencing others. Organization behavior is made up of a series of task cycles that are repeated performances. Each task is viewed as equivalent to a learning trial, with opportunities for reliable observations readily present. The six phases of the managerial task cycle were operationalized into a Survey of Management Practices (SMP) and a training program developed to improve performance. Effects were tested in a Veterans Administration installation, a bank, a health care organization, and nuclear power plant; results of each study are presented.